China Oil Fields Shooting Stars Triangles Chart Formation

First shooting star on 23rd April 2008 attempted to breakout from the red symmetrical triangle but failed. Second shooting star on 24th April 2008 managed to clear the red symmetrical triangle but was trapped by the ascending triangle blue horizontal resistance line. After the formation of the double shooting stars finally a down bar appeared as confirmation. This down bar candlestick is resting on the 50 days EMA support. Next support is the 20 days EMA support line. If this support does not hold the next support is the 45 to 44 cents support band. If this support can be defended the ascending triangle will be transformed into a rectangle trading range. However support failure here will test next support at 41 to 40 cents support band. Breakdown from this support band may result in a retest of mid March 2008 low at 32 cents. Conversely a rebounce at the ascending triangle uptrend line may propel price back towards the blue horizontal resistance line. Breakout above this resistance line will retest next resistance at 58.5 to 57.5 resistance band.

Yangzijiang Doji Candlestick Charting Pattern

The doji is a warning sign of a pending reversal. The lack of a real body conveys a sense of indecision between buyers and sellers and the balance of power may be shifting. The open and close are almost equal. The length of the upper and lower shadows can vary and the resulting candlestick looks like a cross, inverted cross or plus sign. The next candlestick bar may decide the new direction. Current location near the upper uptrend channel resistance line suggests there may be a pullback towards 50 days EMA support line followed by $1.05 support level . If this support does not hold expect further retracement to the 20 days EMA support and 97.5 to 96.5 cents support band. Breaking the lower uptrend channel support line will invalidate the current uptrend channel. Conversely a move above the top of the doji may be resisted by the upper uptrend channel resistance line . A breakout above this resistance will propel price to next resistance at $1.16 followed by $1.20 .

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How Nanotechnology Works

There's an unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence of scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small, we can't see it -- even with a light microscope. That world is the field of nanotechnology, the realm of atoms and nanostructures. Nanotechnology is so new, no one is really sure what will come of it. Even so, predictions range from the ability to reproduce things like diamonds and food to the world being devoured by self-replicating nanorobots.

In order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter, and a micrometer is one-millionth of a meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair [source: Berkeley Lab].

As small as a nanometer is, it's still large compared to the atomic scale. An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller -- about 0.00001 nm. Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe. You and everything around you are made of atoms. Nature has perfected the science of manufacturing matter molecularly. For instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from millions of living cells. Cells are nature's nanomachines. At the atomic scale, elements are at their most basic level. On the nanoscale, we can potentially put these atoms together to make almost anything.

In a lecture called "Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience," Nobel Prize winner Dr. Horst Störmer said that the nanoscale is more interesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something -- it's not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology.htm

RNA Synthesis

Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Initiation of transcription begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA (usually found "upstream" of a gene). The DNA double helix is unwound by the helicase activity of the enzyme. The enzyme then progresses along the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction, synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule with elongation occurring in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The DNA sequence also dictates where termination of RNA synthesis will occur.^[16]

RNAs are often modified by enzymes after transcription. For example, a poly(A) tail and a 5' cap are added to eukaryotic pre-mRNA.

There are also a number of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases as well that use RNA as their template for synthesis of a new strand of RNA. For instance, a number of RNA viruses (such as poliovirus) use this type of enzyme to replicate their genetic material.^[17] Also, it is known that RNA-dependent RNA polymerases are required for the RNA interference pathway in many organisms.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA

Junk DNA Hypotheses of origin and function

There are some hypotheses, none conclusively established, from the most academic to the less expected, for how junk DNA arose and why it persists in the genome:

• These chromosomal regions could be composed of the now-defunct remains of ancient genes, known as pseudogenes, which were once functional copies of genes but have since lost their protein-coding ability (and, presumably, their biological function). After non-functionalization, pseudogenes are free to acquire genetic noise in the form of random mutations.
• 8% of human junk DNA has been shown to be formed by retrotransposons of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs)^[5], although as much as 25% is recognisably formed of retrotransposons^[6]. This is a lower limit on how much of the genome is retrotransposons because older remains might not be recognizable having accumulated too much mutation. New research suggests that genome size variation in at least two kinds of plants is mostly because of retrotransposons.^[7]
• In 1997, Steven Sparks proposed that "The end purpose of this "excess DNA" must be to reduce the probability of transcribable genes being cut by chromosomal crossover. Gametes can survive only when their important, transcribed genes are saved from meiotic cutting by being surrounded with "buffer DNA"."^[8]
• Junk DNA might provide a reservoir of sequences from which potentially advantageous new genes can emerge. In this way, it may be an important genetic basis for evolution^[9].
• Some junk DNA could simply be spacer material that allows enzyme complexes to form around functional elements more easily. In this way, the junk DNA could serve an important function even though the actual sequence information it contains is irrelevant.
• Some portions of junk DNA could serve presently unknown regulatory functions, controlling the expression of certain genes, the development of an organism from embryo to adult^[10], and/or development of certain organs/organelles^[11].
• More and more scientists believe that in fact regulatory layer(s) in the "junk DNA", such as through non-coding RNAs, altogether contain genetic programming at least on par with, and possibly much more important than protein coding genes.^[12] But still how much of the 98% would be involved in such activity is unknown.
• Junk DNA may have no function. For example, recent experiments removed 1% of the mouse genome and were unable to detect any effect on the phenotype^[13]. This result suggests that the DNA is, in fact, non-functional. However, it remains a possibility that there is some function that the experiments performed on the mice were merely insufficient to detect.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_DNA